Diy upholstery cleaner

Diy upholstery cleaner

Jan 26, 2022 ... 10 Best Upholstery Cleaners That Will Make Your Furniture Look Good as New · Resolve Upholstery & Multi-Fabric Spot & Stain Remover · Resolve...2 cups boiling water. tb1234. In a large, plastic bowl add all the ingredients. Stir the DIY cleaner until the soap is completely dissolved and the mixture is foamy like a carpet shampoo .With a stiff scrub brush, dip it in the solution and scrub the parts of the car carpetthat are dirty.Mild liquid soap (Ex: Woolite Upholstery Soap or mild dish soap) Ammonia; Muslin fabric; Suede brush; Steps to cleaning velour upholstery. Use your brush. Your starting point is to remove as much dirt as possible by brushing it away with your soft brush. Loose dirt and visible dust can be removed by using a vacuum cleaner with a brush …To make this upholstery cleaner, mix three tablespoons of white vinegar with half a cup of water. Use a sponge to apply, dabbing at the stain from the outside and working your way inward. This reduces the stain and the smell. Never use any stain removers that have ammonia or bleach as content.Mix 1/4 teaspoon dish soap with 1 cup lukewarm water. Dip a white cloth into the solution and dab it onto the discolored carpet. Follow with a dry cloth to blot dry. If discoloration remains ...To finish the job, use a cloth dampened with clean water to give your upholstery a final wipe-down ‘rinse’. Let your furniture air dry naturally. 3. DIY all-purpose cleaner safe for surfaces and furniture. If you don’t want to mess around with multiple recipes and prefer a one-hit wonder, you’re after an all-purpose cleaner.Jun 6, 2023 · 2.1 Pick a Good Time. 2.2 Plan Ahead to Reward Yourself When You’re Done. 2.3 Gather Tools and Supplies. 3 How To Clean Car Upholstery – Step by Step! Let’s Get to Work on Your Seats! 3.1 Step #1: Vacuum Everything. 3.2 Step #2: Clean The Fabric Or Leather. 3.3 Step #3: Getting Everything Dry. How to clean upholstery in a washing machine. If you can remove your upholstery covers and the care label says you can put them in the washing machine, vacuum first, then go ahead, following the care instructions to the letter. ... DIY, design and consumer issues to gardening. Latest. 3 items for better sleep — I'm a homes editor and …3. Hoover CLEANPLUS 2X 64oz Carpet Cleaner and Deodorizer (AH30330) Review. 4. Bissell Deep Clean Pro 2X Deep Cleaning Concentrated Formula, 48 ounces (78H6B) Review. 5. Sunny & Honey Professional Pet Stain and Odor Eliminator, 32 FL OZ Review. Read the exclusive homemade carpet cleaner solution recipe and reviews of …tb1234. In a small container mix the vinegar and olive oil. Add in the essential oil and stir to mix. The vinegar works to gently clean the leather, while the olive oil breaks up stains and dirt while conditioning the …Feb 18, 2023 · Step 2: Mix a Stain Remover. If using a commercial cleaner, like a pet stain remover, follow the label's directions carefully. To make your own, combine 1/4 cup dishwashing liquid and 1 cup warm water in a medium bowl, and then use a whisk or handheld electric mixer to create suds. This stain remover can also be used to spot clean non ... Step one: Find a natural upholstery cleaner that would make the fabric-covered seats look new. DIY Upholstery Cleaners. Upholstery cleaning can be a lot …This DIY upholstery cleaner for machines offers an alternative that uses environmentally friendly hydrogen peroxide as the base. It is safe to use on W and W/S upholstery. As with all cleaning ...Get That New-Car Feeling With This DIY Upholstery Cleaner. By Sarah Lipoff. Updated on 3/14/2016 at 6:05 AM. ... Let the cleaner cool, and then pour it into a small spray bottle, using a funnel as ...Upholstered Furniture Cleaning Codes. Step 1 – Remove Cushion Covers. Step 2 – Wash Cushion Covers on Cold/Gentle. Step 3 – Vacuum Couch Upholstery. Step 4 – Sprinkle Baking Soda. Step 5 – Make a DIY Couch Cleaner Solution. Step 6 – Spray Couch Fabric with Cleaner. Step 7 – Wipe Sofa Fabric Surface. Cleaned Couch.Upholstery repair services can be a great way to restore the look and feel of your furniture. Whether you’re looking for a simple patch job or a complete reupholstering, finding qu...Dab the soap and water on any spots or spills. Be sure to blot up any excess soap and water. Don’t rub soap and water into spots or spills, because it can potentially stain your upholstery. 4. Use hydrogen peroxide. Clean spots and spills with 3% hydrogen peroxide. Use a soft cloth to apply the hydrogen peroxide.Aug 5, 2020 · Mix 1/2 cup of rubbing alcohol, 1/2 cup of white vinegar, and about 1 cup of water. Make sure to give it a good shake before applying it to your upholstery. If you’re dealing with tough stains, you can add a little less water to your mixture. If the fabrics in question are delicate, you can add more water to dilute the solution. Ingredients: 2 cups warm water. Squirt of liquid dishwashing soap. Directions: Add the water into a mixing bowl and then the soap. Use an electric mixer at medium speed to mix the solution. This will create a foam that can be used to clean your upholstered furniture. You must use this foam immediately. Carpet Shampoo. To make a carpet shampoo used by many Bissell owners, mix the following: a half cup of laundry detergent (no bleach), a half cup of liquid laundry softener, one cup of ammonia and one gallon of water. Store the mixture in a large jug. This will be enough for several cleanings.Dec 15, 2018 ... Fabric Upholstery · Combine 1/4 cup white vinegar, 3/4 cup warm water and 1/2 tablespoon of natural liquid soap, such as Castile soap, in a ...Jan 6, 2021 ... Make sure your work area is well ventilated. Apply dry cleaning solvent to a clean towel and gently brush over generally dirty areas of ...The good news is you can use a DIY upholstery cleaner made with simple ingredients that can get rid of tough stains and grime without the use of harsh chemicals. In this blog post, I'll explore how to clean upholstery and couch stains naturally, starting with pre-cleaning steps and homemade cleaning solutions, and ending with specific tips for ...Get the stains out of your furniture with this DIY Upholstery Cleaner. It only takes two ingredients and is great at …Are you looking for an easy and cost-effective way to clean your home? Look no further than a DIY homemade vinegar cleaner recipe. Vinegar is a natural, non-toxic cleaner that can ...Mix 1 tablespoon of dishwashing liquid with 2 cups of cold water in a small bowl. Add 1 tablespoon of vinegar (to disinfect the area and break down the acid) to the solution and gently stir. Dip a ...2 tablespoons borax. Mix everything together, let it cool until it gels. Whisk or beat until it foams. (I used my Kitchenaid mixer.). Use the foam only with a rough cloth or a brush to scrub the upholstery, making sure not to soak the fabric. Re-beat the soap as necessary to get more scrubbing bubbles. As you work, use a clean damp cloth to ...Bissell 3624 Spot Clean Pro. If you're looking for an investment piece, rather than a cleaning product, then this is the best carpet cleaner machine for all types of stains and is an investment in keeping your home looking great. It uses hot water to lift those nasty stains and comes with two bottles of carpet shampoo.Ingredients for making homemade upholstery cleaner: 1 cup of 3% hydrogen peroxide; 1/4 cup of Blue dawn dishwashing liquid (Ultra works best for this) Spray Bottle; Soft bristle brush (upholstery brush) or microfiber cloth; Directions: Spray the surface of your upholstery where you want it to be cleaned. Allow solution to sit for a few minutes.A similar concoction follows the same steps but involves slightly different ingredients: Mix ⅔ cup of linseed oil and ⅓ cup of white vinegar in a spray bottle. Spay the mixture onto your leather interior and scrub using a microfiber towel. Take a dry microfiber cloth and wipe everything away.Jan 2, 2021 · Rubbing alcohol helps kill germs, and essential oils add a nice, fresh scent. You can water it down for a gentle clean or use it full-up to spot treat tough stains. Spray liberally on dirty upholstery and scrub using an old rag. Or lightly spritz on curtains, rugs, and furniture to quickly get rid of smells. DIY Upholstery Cleaner That REALLY Works. I have made several “DIY” apho;stery cleaners over the years in between buying the big brands. Recently my dining chairs have gotten a little dirty so I did some research and found the recipe I am sharing with you all today. It worked fantastically. My chairs look new again, that is no exaggeration ...Jan 3, 2024 · Take these steps to make this cleaner. Mix the ingredients: Add the following to a glass spray bottle: 1/4 cup rubbing alcohol, 3/4 cup water, 5 to 10 drops of essential oil, and 1 teaspoon dishwashing liquid soap. Use the alcohol-based cleaner safely: Shake the spray bottle well before each use. 3. Properly reading a cleaning tag can save you a lot of grief: Typically, you’ll find one of four letters on the cleaning tag of your sofa. Here’s what each means: W — You can clean this material using water. S — No water. You’ll need to purchase a special solvent-based cleaner. WS — You can use water or a solvent-based cleaner on ...Dec 20, 2017 · Here’s simple homemade upholstery cleaner that will help you maintain this lovely piece of furniture. Ingredients: ¼ c white vinegar. ¾ c warm water. ½ tbsp natural liquid soap (Castille soap) Mix all ingredients in a spray bottle. Vigorously shake the spray bottle to mix all ingredients. With the spray bottle, lightly mist the soiled area. Cleaning & Organizing. How to Clean Upholstered Furniture the Right Way. Plus, learn more about upholstery codes, which will help you determine which cleaning …Feb 22, 2024 · Brightening Your Upholstery with this DIY Cleaner This cleaner makes an excellent DIY coffee stain remover on lighter colored couches but also doubles an all-over upholstery cleaner. The dish soap cuts through grease and other nasty build-up, while the hydrogen peroxide lightens the color of the darkest stains, including those from red wine. Dec 4, 2022 · 1. Upholstery Tip: Have Homemade Upholstery Cleaner. Make your own upholstery homemade cleaner using alcohol, white vinegar, and drops of essential oils to make your upholstery not only smell nice but also remove stains and sterilize. It’s so easy to make this homemade cleaning solution and all you need is 5 minutes. Mar 3, 2024 · Beat it with an electric mixer until it’s thick and foamy. Then: Apply the foam to stains on the upholstery with a microfiber cloth or soft brush. Gently rub the stain with the suds, and then remove the excess foam with a spatula or spoon. Wipe away the leftover suds with a clean, damp cloth. 3. Save. 1 cup baking soda. a few drops of Lavender. Save. and Thyme Essential Oil. Save. (this is optional) **product links for easy shopping are affiliate links**. In a mixing bowl add all of your ingredients and whisk together until well blended.Yes, you can use vinegar to remove stains from upholstery. Make a small batch of a couple of drops of liquid dish soap with equal parts water and vinegar to clean the stain, depending on the type of fabric. Be sure to consult the item's care tag and test the dish soap in an inconspicuous area first. Learn how to clean upholstery to keep your ...Jan 26, 2022 ... 10 Best Upholstery Cleaners That Will Make Your Furniture Look Good as New · Resolve Upholstery & Multi-Fabric Spot & Stain Remover · Resolve.... Create a Stain-Removing Solution and Tackle Stains. If the upholstery can be cleaned with a water-based cleaner, mix one-fourth cup of dishwashing liquid and one cup of warm water in a medium …A solvent-based cleaner contains a base comprised of chemicals. Another type of cleaner is a water-based cleaner, which uses water as the main ingredient. Solvent-based cleaners ca...Mar 3, 2024 · Beat it with an electric mixer until it’s thick and foamy. Then: Apply the foam to stains on the upholstery with a microfiber cloth or soft brush. Gently rub the stain with the suds, and then remove the excess foam with a spatula or spoon. Wipe away the leftover suds with a clean, damp cloth. 3. 2 Tbsp borax. 2-4 cups boiling water*. 10 drops lavender essential oil (optional) Bucket. Sponge or scrub brush. Clean, damp cloths. *Note: If your car’s interior is really dirty or stained, use less water for a …Homemade Upholstery Cleaner. 1/4 cup hydrogen peroxide; 1 Tbsp liquid laundry detergent (we used 1 Dropps Pod squeezed out) Mix in a separate cup to break down any detergent lumps. Then mix with 6 or so cups of HOT water, or up to the line on the machine. The Results: Comparing Upholstery Cleaners. We cleaned the rest of the …2 tablespoons borax. Mix everything together, let it cool until it gels. Whisk or beat until it foams. (I used my Kitchenaid mixer.). Use the foam only with a rough cloth or a brush to scrub the upholstery, making sure not to soak the fabric. Re-beat the soap as necessary to get more scrubbing bubbles. As you work, use a clean damp cloth to ...Step 1: Mix Alcohol and Vinegar. Step 2: Scent with Essential Oils. Step 3: Put Lid on Spray Bottle. How to Use Upholstery Cleaner. Step 1: Vacuum and Dust. …Dab it on gently with a clean, white cloth. Two more easy options: a little vinegar (left to sit for about 15 minutes before blotting with clear water) or a solution of mild dish soap and water. Grease or oil stains: Sprinkle with salt, let sit, then dab with soap and water. Alternatively, try rubbing alcohol instead of salt.Upholstery work is an important part of keeping your furniture looking its best. Whether you’re looking to restore an antique piece or just want to spruce up a sofa, finding the ri...Upholstery repair can be a daunting task, especially if you don’t know where to start. Whether you need to repair a worn-out couch or an antique chair, it’s important to find a pro...DIY Car Upholstery Cleaner. 1 cup of hydrogen peroxide. 2 Tbs of white distilled vinegar. 3 Tbs. of Dawn dish soap. 16 oz. spray bottle. I mixed all of the ingredients together in the spray bottle and just filled it up the rest of the way with warm water. Before you spray your whole car with this, make sure you test it on a small area to make ...1/4-cup olive oil; Three tablespoons lemon juice. Make it: Mix mayonnaise and olive oil in a small bowl, then add lemon juice. Use it: Apply with a small sponge, let it sit for a few minutes, then wipe off the excess with a soft, clean cloth. Store it: Long-term storage is not recommended. 3 / 8.tb1234. In a small container mix the vinegar and olive oil. Add in the essential oil and stir to mix. The vinegar works to gently clean the leather, while the olive oil breaks up stains and dirt while conditioning the …Oct 28, 2022 ... Clean an old couch and make it look brand new again without using a steamer or upholstery cleaning machine! 00:00-Clean a couch/sofa without ...your Couch and carpets will be clean in minutes you only need a pot lidhalf a liter of warm water.1 tablespoon baking soda.1 tablespoon of dish soap.‼️Enable...Instructions. Combine all ingredients in a glass spray bottle. Screw the lid on tightly and give it a good shake to mix the ingredients. Spray directly on upholstery to remove odors and make your home smell fresh. If needed, spray a second time to take care of any lingering odors. Since this spray contains water it won’t keep indefinitely ...Cleaning your oven can be a tedious and time-consuming task, but it doesn’t have to be. With a few simple ingredients, you can make your own oven cleaner that will make the job eas...Oct 31, 2022 · Mix the baking soda, cornstarch, and essential oil in a bowl with the spatula. After mixing, sprinkle the mixture onto your upholstery and let the powder mix sit for at least two hours on your upholstery. Then, vacuum the powder to remove it, leaving you with clean furniture that smells great! 5. The Leather Cleaner. This recipe makes 8 ounces. Multiply the ingredient amounts as needed to fill your spray bottle. To use the alcohol cleaner, spray any area that needs to be cleaned and then wipe it off. For tougher cleaning jobs, like dirty grout, use a toothbrush or scrub brush with the alcohol cleaner and rinse well.When it comes to dining chairs, upholstery plays a crucial role in both comfort and style. The right choice of fabric can elevate the overall look of your dining area while providi...Apr 25, 2016 ... For More Info Call: (510) 351-5230 or (925) 866-1333 To Speak To One Of Experts Or Visit Our Website http://www.applebycleaning.com Do It ...Use the bristle brush to gently get them free. Mix ¼ cup of vinegar, a tablespoon of Dawn, and a cup of warm water in a bowl. Wet the bristle brush with the mixture and scrub the stains or your whole couch or chair. Use a damp clean cloth to rinse the area by patting it. Continue until the spots are gone.Mix 1/4 teaspoon dish soap with 1 cup lukewarm water. Dip a white cloth into the solution and dab it onto the discolored carpet. Follow with a dry cloth to blot dry. If discoloration remains ...Make and Spread a Paste. In a small bowl, combine one-half cup of baking soda with two tablespoons of water (use more or less) to create a spreadable paste. Use a sponge or paintbrush to spread the …Metal cleaners are very strong chemical products that contain acids. This article discusses poisoning from swallowing or breathing in such products. Metal cleaners are very strong ...Cleaning & Organizing. How to Clean Upholstered Furniture the Right Way. Plus, learn more about upholstery codes, which will help you determine which cleaning …2 tablespoons castile soap. 15 drops white fir essential oil. 5 drops lemon essential oil. Directions: Place all ingredients into a mop bucket or kitchen sink with a closed drain. Use the mop to clean floors with cleaning solution, no need to rinse off, allow to air dry. 7. Dusting Spray. 1 teaspoon olive oil.Rinse, Blot, and Dry. Dip a microfiber cloth in cold water and wring until damp. Rinse the soiled area of the carpet. Keep moving to a clean side of the cloth as the stain is transferred. Blot the area with a dry cloth until no more liquid is transferred.Dust the leather with a clean, soft cloth to remove any dirt or debris. Clean the leather with the homemade cleaner listed above. Allow the couch to dry thoroughly. I would suggest doing this in the evening … Ingredients: 2 cups warm water. Squirt of liquid dishwashing soap. Directions: Add the water into a mixing bowl and then the soap. Use an electric mixer at medium speed to mix the solution. This will create a foam that can be used to clean your upholstered furniture. You must use this foam immediately. Then clean the surface of the fabric gently, working in small sections and wiping in one direction. Follow this up with a cloth dampened in clean water, and then let the sofa air dry completely before using it again. You can use a fan to speed up the drying process, but never use heated air from a hairdryer or space heater.Feb 13, 2024 · Overall, however, we’re big fans of the Bissell Spot Clean Pro Portable Carpet Cleaner, and can easily recommend it for most homes, stains, and cleaning situations. Weight: 13 pounds | Cord Length: 22 feet | Attachments: 3-inch stain tool, 6-inch stair tool. Cleaning Delicate Surfaces and Heirlooms. May 16, 2022 · Homemade Upholstery Cleaner. 1/4 cup hydrogen peroxide; 1 Tbsp liquid laundry detergent (we used 1 Dropps Pod squeezed out) Mix in a separate cup to break down any detergent lumps. Then mix with 6 or so cups of HOT water, or up to the line on the machine. The Results: Comparing Upholstery Cleaners. We cleaned the rest of the couch: cushions ... 2 Tbsp borax. 2-4 cups boiling water*. 10 drops lavender essential oil (optional) Bucket. Sponge or scrub brush. Clean, damp cloths. *Note: If your car’s interior is really dirty or stained, use less water for a …DIY Car Upholstery Cleaner. 1 cup of hydrogen peroxide. 2 Tbs of white distilled vinegar. 3 Tbs. of Dawn dish soap. 16 oz. spray bottle. I mixed all of the ingredients together in the spray bottle and just filled it up the rest of the way with warm water. Before you spray your whole car with this, make sure you test it on a small area to make ...Have you ever wondered what's cleaner, a toilet bowl or a kitchen sponge, you're in luck. Learn what's cleaner, toilet bowl or kitchen sponge. Advertisement When you think of your ...Aug 5, 2020 · Mix 1/2 cup of rubbing alcohol, 1/2 cup of white vinegar, and about 1 cup of water. Make sure to give it a good shake before applying it to your upholstery. If you’re dealing with tough stains, you can add a little less water to your mixture. If the fabrics in question are delicate, you can add more water to dilute the solution. 2 cups vinegar. 1 cup Hydrogen Peroxide. 2 Tbsp Clear Dish Soap. I just shake it together really well and put a cup in the tank of my steam cleaner with the hot water. I also make sure I rinse after this one because of the dish soap. It works wonders.When it comes to luxury sofas, one of the key factors that sets them apart is their upholstery. The type of fabric used not only adds to the overall aesthetic appeal of the sofa bu...Oct 24, 2019 ... You might want to try out one of the best homemade upholstery cleaners. Take 1/4 cup vinegar, 1 tablespoon shavings of castile soap or any soap.Jan 15, 2019 · Sure you can buy upholstery cleaners but most of us have the ingredients for this cleaner in their cupboard. For a $3 investment, you can make enough stain remover to clean a chair, a sofa, or even the carpet. We all know there are stubborn stains that don’t want to budge. So far I have not found a stain this concoction cannot tackle. 2. Or 70% isopropyl (rubbing) alcohol is OK to make a weaker solution. Or denatured alcohol, available in the paint aisle of any home improvement center. 3. The dishwashing liquid breaks the surface tension of water, allowing this cleaner to latch onto the dirt, grease and sticky stuff so you can quickly wipe it away. 4.1 cup of 3% hydrogen peroxide ( I use this one) 1/4 cup of Blue dawn dishwashing liquid ( Ultra works best for this )** Spray Bottle (Simple plastic ones are best for this) Soft bristle brush or microfiber …Hi Everyone! It's been a while since my last video! I hope your holidays went great :) ! We had a blast with the family :D ! Today I'm sharing how I cleaned ...Dec 20, 2017 · Here’s simple homemade upholstery cleaner that will help you maintain this lovely piece of furniture. Ingredients: ¼ c white vinegar. ¾ c warm water. ½ tbsp natural liquid soap (Castille soap) Mix all ingredients in a spray bottle. Vigorously shake the spray bottle to mix all ingredients. With the spray bottle, lightly mist the soiled area. Scrubbing by hand is tedious, causing soaked upholstery foam and water rings, stains wicking back, and often losing the colors on your fabrics. Many DIY ...Sure you can buy upholstery cleaners but most of us have the ingredients for this cleaner in their cupboard. For a $3 investment, you can make enough stain remover to clean a chair, a sofa, or even the carpet. We all know there are stubborn stains that don’t want to budge. So far I have not found a stain this concoction cannot tackle.Oct 20, 2022 · Dab it on gently with a clean, white cloth. Two more easy options: a little vinegar (left to sit for about 15 minutes before blotting with clear water) or a solution of mild dish soap and water. Grease or oil stains: Sprinkle with salt, let sit, then dab with soap and water. Alternatively, try rubbing alcohol instead of salt. Step 2: Mix a Stain Remover. If using a commercial cleaner, like a pet stain remover, follow the label's directions carefully. To make your own, combine 1/4 cup dishwashing liquid and 1 cup warm water in a medium bowl, and then use a whisk or handheld electric mixer to create suds. This stain remover can also be used to spot …Ingredients for making homemade upholstery cleaner: 1 cup of 3% hydrogen peroxide; 1/4 cup of Blue dawn dishwashing liquid (Ultra works best for this) Spray Bottle; Soft bristle brush (upholstery brush) or microfiber cloth; Directions: Spray the surface of your upholstery where you want it to be cleaned. Allow solution to sit for a few minutes.A Clean Sweep with DIY Upholstery Cleaner. A well-kept secret in the cleaning world is that DIY upholstery cleaners can not only eliminate stains and odors but can also enhance the longevity of your furniture by preventing the buildup of dust and grime.. Martha Stewart, the doyenne of DIY, puts it succinctly, "DIY upholstery cleaning is an economical and …your Couch and carpets will be clean in minutes you only need a pot lidhalf a liter of warm water.1 tablespoon baking soda.1 tablespoon of dish soap.‼️Enable...DIY Upholstery Cleaner That REALLY Works. I have made several “DIY” apho;stery cleaners over the years in between buying the big brands. Recently my dining chairs have gotten a little dirty so I did some research and found the recipe I am sharing with you all today. It worked fantastically. My chairs look new again, that is no exaggeration ...Oct 25, 2021 · 2. Spot clean upholstery stains. Once you've vacuumed up any removable debris, try these easy spot stain removal methods – still checking the label – depending on the fabric you're working with. Always dab and never rub hard when cleaning upholstery since it can push the dirt deeper and distort the fabric. Spot cleaning velvet upholstery 1 cup of 3% hydrogen peroxide ( I use this one) 1/4 cup of Blue dawn dishwashing liquid ( Ultra works best for this )** Spray Bottle (Simple plastic ones are best for this) Soft bristle brush or microfiber …Nov 10, 2022 ... Scrub stains using a clean rag and straight rubbing alcohol or water (always read your sofa's tag to see the best cleaning solution to use). And ...Attaching the hose to go from carpet to upholstery cleaning is easy and at just 16.5 pounds, this model is lighter than many other full-size cleaners. And because it has a smaller footprint, it's ...We tested a DIY upholstery cleaner recipe against the name brand cleaning solution to see which one held up best against our dirtiest piece of furniture. Fi... ---1