The name cappuccino is a play on the "hue of the Capuchin friar robes," according to Nescafé – the clothing is said to be reminiscent of the layering and coloring of a traditional cappuccino, seen in the disparity between the dark richness of the espresso and the airy lightness of the milk and foam. Serious Eats …The cappuccino is a paragon of Italian coffee culture. It’s a simple beverage prepared with espresso and milk, but has nothing to do with another popular drink known as a “latte.”. The latte is a classic drink is prepared by simply mixing milk and espresso. Whereas the secret of the cappuccino is all in the foam.1. Make your espresso in a moka pot. Fill the lower chamber of your moka pot with water and set the strainer on top. Fill the strainer with your espresso-ground coffee and wipe away any grounds on the edge. Screw on the top of the pot and set it on your stove over low heat. Heat the espresso until you hear gurgling and the water boils.The cappuccino is another drink combining espresso and steamed milk, but it adds milk froth to the mix. It’s one of the most popular coffee drinks around the world. A traditional Italian cappuccino contains equal parts espresso, steamed milk, and milk froth, usually served in a 5 or 6-ounce mug. It has a robust coffee flavor and a texture ...cappuccino, coffee drink made of equal parts espresso, steamed milk, and frothed milk, of probable Italian origin but influenced by an Austrian predecessor.Although a cappuccino is similar to a latte, the former is layered in three equal and distinct parts—with the foam typically spooned onto the drink in dollops—while the latter …Aug 7, 2023 · A cappuccino tastes a lot milder than a macchiato, but still has a strong coffee flavor. And, of course, a latte is the mildest of them all. With so much milk in it, the flavor of coffee is far less intense, and it has an overall much sweeter taste than a cappuccino, not to mention a macchiato. Learn how to make a cappuccino with or without an espresso machine, with tips from a barista and a coffee expert. Find out the difference between a cappuccino and a latte, the best way to froth milk, and the …Cappuccino (phát âm tiếng Ý: [kapputˈtʃino]; đọc như ca-pu-chi-nô) là thức uống có nguồn gốc từ Ý gồm cà phê và sữa khuấy bông (steamed milk). [1] [2] Ở Ý, quốc gia mà đồ uống này phổ biến nhất, theo truyền thống, được thưởng thức vào buổi sáng , vào bữa sáng hoặc sau ...Our single-serve cappuccino coffee pods work with Keurig® 1.0 & 2.0 brewing systems and use slow roasted, snapped cooled coffee beans. We use the perfect care for the perfect cup so you can savor the combination of rich espresso coffee and creamy froth this holiday season. Gevalia Coffee K Cups come from Arabica beans sourced from around the ...A cappuccino and a caffè latte have the same amount of coffee in their recipes. That means each drink will also have the same amount of caffeine. However, since a latte has three times the milk, an equal volume of cappuccino will have more caffeine than the latte. The cappuccino will also have a stronger “coffee forward” flavor.Jan 19, 2024 · 2. Heat the water. If your machine heats water, start the preheat cycle. Otherwise, put the kettle on and bring the water to a boil. 3. Add the coffee to the portafilter and tamp it. Use your finger or a soft utensil to level the coffee bed. Make sure there are no gaps or holes in the coffee. Cappuccino se nesype skořicí, protože ta přebíjí chuť kávy. Cappuccino z plnotučného mléka je krémovější a chutnější. Dnes se stále častěji můžeme setkat s novým trendem v přípravě cappuccina a tím je 150–180 ml šálek se 30 ml espressa doplněný o mikropěnu. Stírá se tím tedy klasické třetinové dělení ...Nov 8, 2012 ... Comments10 ; Ako pripraviť Caffe Ristretto, Espresso, Lungo, Cappuccino, Latte Macchiato. Knar · 108K views ; How to Make Turkish Coffee | ...Oct 6, 2023 · A cappuccino is similar to a latte, but with a different ratio of milk to espresso. A cappuccino is made with equal parts espresso, steamed milk, and milk foam. This results in a stronger coffee flavor and a thicker layer of foam on top. Macchiato. A macchiato is a shot of espresso with a small amount of milk added. Rychlé občerstvení jinak než jej znáte. Všechny produkty připravujeme po objednání dle receptur věhlasných šéfkuchařů.The standard cappuccino coffee is a harmonious blend of espresso, steamed milk, and milk foam, often prepared using specialized espresso machines. ( 1) The assembly process involves pouring espresso at the bottom of the cup, adding an equal measure of hot, textured milk, and topping it off with a layer of milk froth.Grind 16.5 grams of espresso coffee and pour 3-4 oz of milk into a milk pitcher. 2. Using espresso grounds, extract 2 shots of espresso into 6 oz cappuccino cup. 3. Steam the milk. Heat milk to about 160°F. Make sure milk has decent amount of foam. 4. Pour milk and milk foam onto espresso.Dec 24, 2021 · Cappuccino cups or mugs are comparable in size to Latte cups. However, in certain cafés, they are served in somewhat smaller (bigger than espresso cups) mugs. The recipe is comparable to a 1: 1: 1 espresso, steamed milk, and milk foam; however, some prefer a 1: 2: 2 ratio. Only a cappuccino has a higher milk foam concentration than a latte. Aug 7, 2023 · A cappuccino tastes a lot milder than a macchiato, but still has a strong coffee flavor. And, of course, a latte is the mildest of them all. With so much milk in it, the flavor of coffee is far less intense, and it has an overall much sweeter taste than a cappuccino, not to mention a macchiato. Yield: 1. Prep Time: 5 minutes. Cook Time: 5 minutes. Total Time: 10 minutes. An Australian cappuccino is not just a flat white with cocoa. Along with its dusting of cocoa powder, the Australian cappuccino is a milky coffee with two more ounces of milk and a thicker foam layer than a flat white. Taste the silky smooth difference!Delta flyers can look forward to a few new partner planes this fall. Air France announced today that it will welcome its very first 324-seat Airbus A350 in September, with another ...Cappuccino and latte macchiato are two Italian classics, but they’re as different as, well, apples and oranges. A macchiato, which means ‘stained’ or ‘spotted’ in Italian, is a robust, strong, bold espresso stained with just a dollop of milk or foam.1. Make your espresso in a moka pot. Fill the lower chamber of your moka pot with water and set the strainer on top. Fill the strainer with your espresso-ground coffee and wipe away any grounds on the edge. Screw on the top of the pot and set it on your stove over low heat. Heat the espresso until you hear gurgling and the water boils.Our single-serve cappuccino coffee pods work with Keurig® 1.0 & 2.0 brewing systems and use slow roasted, snapped cooled coffee beans. We use the perfect care for the perfect cup so you can savor the combination of rich espresso coffee and creamy froth this holiday season. Gevalia Coffee K Cups come from Arabica beans sourced from around the ...A cappuccino is an espresso-based hot coffee beverage, served in a 5 fl. oz. (150 ml) to 7 fl. oz. (200 ml) cup. It’s made of a shot of espresso and steamed and frothed milk. A classic cappuccino generally contains equal amounts of milk foam and steamed milk.Základ tvoří espresso (káva arabica) a polotučné či nízkotučné mléko. Při přípravě italského nápoje je nutné dodržet také správné poměry obou surovin – jedna ... Cappuccino. Kapučíno ( italsky cappuccino) je původem italský kávový nápoj, který se skládá z ⅓ espressa (20–30 ml), ⅓ mléka a ⅓ mléčné pěny. Cappuccino se podává v širších porcelánových šálcích. Moka konvice Bialetti Mukka od italské firmy Bialetti pro tradiční přípravu 2 šálků nápoje s mlékem cappuccino.Times Music presents the latest Punjabi single 'Cappuccino', sung by R Naaz, featuring Niti Taylor & Abhishek Verma.Like || Share || Spread || LoveMake sure ...Learn How To Make a Cappuccino | 2 Methods & RecipesJust a quick look at the cappuccino recipe. Confusing isn't it? Several recipes already exist around the ...Bialetti set 4 šálků cappuccino barevné. Set čtyř šálků v zářivě duhových barvách na praktickém kovovém podstavci. Šálky jsou zdobeny motivy maskota světově ...Latte. Alexander Spatari/Moment via Getty Images. A latte is super creamy because two-thirds of it is dairy (or an alternative milk if you prefer vegan-friendly coffee). The first ingredient is a shot of espresso, and then the barista fills the rest of the cup with steamed milk. A thin layer of milk foam tops it off.When it comes to calorie count, in the battle of frappuccino vs cappuccino, the second one takes first place with only 70 calories per 8 oz. At 240 calories per serving, frappuccinos contain more than triple the calories. The list …To make a cappuccino, simply draw a 2-ounce shot of espresso and steam or froth four ounces of your milk of choice. Carefully swirl the milk into the espresso, and top it with the foam ...Brew espresso (s) directly into cup. 3. Quickly pour prepared hot milk and foam into cup to evenly distribute. 4. Use excess froth to cover any brown spots in foam. 5. Sprinkle with cinnamon. Enjoy! Check out Nespresso's Cappuccino recipe for a classic, delicious drink you can make at home!Šňůry Berry od značky YarnMellow vás budou bavit. Jsou celé z recyklované bavlny včetně jádra, díky kterému si šňůra zachovává kulatý tvar.Malignant narcissists pretend to be many things by twisting the truth and creating falsehoods. One of those things is a noble martyr. People with narcissistic and otherwise dark pe...3. Add spices such as cinnamon or cardamom to your cappuccino for extra flavor without the need for sugar. These spices can also help to enhance the flavor of the espresso and milk. 4. If you find the cappuccino is too bitter for your taste, add a small amount of honey or agave syrup for a subtle sweetness. 5.Wet cappuccino—A cappuccini chiaro is made with more hot milk and less foamed milk. The result is a creamier, milkier beverage that is more similar to a caffè latte. Dry cappuccino—Known as cappuccini scurro, these drinks have less steamed milk and more milk foam, the exact opposition of a wet cappuccino.By Danielle Fernandez Once you've registered an account at Tumblr, you can then create as many blogs as you'd like on the blogging platform. The first one you create -- your primar...Learn the history, taste, and variations of the cappuccino, a coffee drink made from espresso and steamed milk. Find out how to …Cappuccino. Cappuccino is another espresso-based drink consisting of equal parts espresso, steamed milk, and milk foam. The espresso to milk ratio is approximately 1:1.5, which makes the overall coffee flavor much stronger than a latte. A cappuccino presents a balanced taste of coffee and milk without being too intense.The ingredients are the same as that of a McCafé® Latte but the main difference between a latte and a cappuccino is that a cappuccino is distinctly layered and has a slightly stronger flavor than the latte. Available in small, medium and large sizes. There are 120 calories in a small McDonald's Cappuccino with whole milk.Learn how to make a cappuccino at home with an espresso machine or other methods. Find out the ratio of milk to coffee, how to froth the milk, and what toppings to use.From frappes and cappuccinos with sweet caramel or vanilla to thirst-quenching iced coffee, there's a little something for everyone. And, if you're looking to level-up your at-home barista skills ...Directions. Put the coffee grounds in a French press. Add the hot water. Let the coffee steep for 4 minutes, then push the plunger down and pour into a mug. While the coffee is steeping, pour the ...FT ELECTRIC AND FUTURE VHCL AND TECH RE- Performance charts including intraday, historical charts and prices and keydata. Indices Commodities Currencies StocksCappuccino is one of the most popular coffee beverages worldwide. It is espresso, topped with steamed milk and milk foam. Generally, a cappuccino contains equal portions of each ingredient, comprising about 1/3 espresso, 1/3 steamed milk, and 1/3 foamed milk, giving it a rich taste and a creamy, smooth texture.A cappuccino is a hot caffeinated beverage that is beloved by many coffee enthusiasts all over the world. Its made of a single shot of espresso, hot milk and is topped off with foamy, frothy milk. A cappuccino is a ⅓ …Although you may feel intimidated, this homemade cappuccino recipe is easy to make and such a tasty treat. And, by making your cappuccino without sugar, or reduced sugar, this becomes a low calorie treat too. It’s a win, win. ☕️ To make cappuccino at home there are only three simple steps… 1. Prepare the coffee or espresso 2.Directions. If using an espresso machine, follow the manufacturer’s instructions for brewing. Aim for a double shot of espresso (approximately 2 ounces) as the base for your cappuccino. The frothy, velvety milk is what sets a cappuccino apart. Pour the desired amount of milk into a stainless steel pitcher, filling it about …Moka konvice Bialetti Mukka od italské firmy Bialetti pro tradiční přípravu 2 šálků nápoje s mlékem cappuccino.. Cappuccino What is Cappuccino. The Cappuccino is the King (or Queen) of the espresso milk drinks! There are many different forms of this classic drink, and every version contains between one and two ounces (30-60ml) of espresso coffee and textured milk. Cappuccinos often come topped with a dusting of chocolate powder.Aug 7, 2023 · A cappuccino tastes a lot milder than a macchiato, but still has a strong coffee flavor. And, of course, a latte is the mildest of them all. With so much milk in it, the flavor of coffee is far less intense, and it has an overall much sweeter taste than a cappuccino, not to mention a macchiato. Preheat oven and prep pan: Preheat oven to 325°F. Place rack in center. Butter a 9-inch square baking pan, and line the bottom with parchment or wax paper. Coat paper with butter; set aside.What is a cappuccino? A cappuccino is a coffee drink that many people enjoy. It's known for its combination of equal parts espresso, steamed milk and milk foam. This delightful beverage is typically served in a cup or glass, and offers a wonderful balance of flavors. The espresso provides a concentrated coffee taste while the steamed milk adds a silky texture.The Cappuccino is all about balance and contains equal parts of milk foam, steamed milk, and espresso (1/3 Espresso, 1/3 Steamed Milk, 1/3 Milk Foam). Espresso is first into the cup, followed by hot steamed milk, which is slowly poured over the espresso from a metal jug. Special care is taken to only allow the milk and not the foam to leave …For a cappuccino at its best: Pour cold milk into a metal steaming pitcher, about a third full. Release steam from the steaming wand for two seconds to eliminate any residual water. Dip the tip of the …Mr. Coffee One-Touch CoffeeHouse. $300 at Amazon. $300 at Target. This Mr. Coffee machine sits at a comfortable intersection where ease of use, automation, and affordability. It can extract a ...Cappuccino can be enjoyed at any time of day and has a different ratio of ingredients than a latte. Are there any health benefits associated with drinking cappuccino? Drinking cappuccino in moderation may have potential health benefits. Some studies suggest cappuccino may promote heart health due to its antioxidant content.Oct 3, 2023 · A cappuccino has 68 mg of caffeine. A latte has 68 mg of caffeine. A macchiato has 136 mg of caffeine. ( source) As you can see, the cappuccino and latte have the same amount of caffeine because both coffees use the same amount of espresso. Because a macchiato uses a double shot of espresso, the caffeine content is also doubled. Jan 19, 2024 · 2. Heat the water. If your machine heats water, start the preheat cycle. Otherwise, put the kettle on and bring the water to a boil. 3. Add the coffee to the portafilter and tamp it. Use your finger or a soft utensil to level the coffee bed. Make sure there are no gaps or holes in the coffee. Cow vigilantism, Doklam, Dalit agitation. Nothing seems to matter. Cow vigilantism, Doklam, Dalit agitation. Nothing seems to matter. Prime minister Narendra Modi’s popularity rema... Add the frothed milk or dairy alternative. The rich and creamy milk foam makes this cappuccino truly special. The more froth, the better – try and get a 50% milk, 50% froth balance to up your cappuccino game. Next Step. STEP 5. The main latte and cappuccino difference lies entirely in the milk content. A latte is one or two shots of espresso with more steamed milk and a thin layer of foamed milk on top, while a cappuccino has much more foam. To make a latte, simply add freshly brewed espresso to a mug, steam the milk, and pour it over the espresso. 1. Create a cappuccino using equal parts espresso, steamed milk, and foam. A cappuccino is made with a base of espresso that consists of roughly one-third of the drink. After pouring in espresso, steamed milk is added into the coffee, creating a foamy top coat. Cappuccinos have a velvety consistency.Bottega přidává další plátek a snoubí klasické cappuccino s likérem – kombinace, kterou si nesmíte nechat ujít. Barva: Světle hnědá. Vůně: Harmonické aroma, ...Aug 7, 2022 · What is a Cappuccino. Now: Cappuccino and latte are the most popular espresso-based drink prepared with espresso and steamed milk. Typically, cappuccino is prepared with 1/3 espresso, 1/3 steamed milk, and 1/3 steamed milk foam on top. Basically, an equal amount of each. Most cappuccino recipes use 1 or 2 espresso shots. A cappuccino is the preferred morning coffee order in Italy, and for good reason. With equal parts espresso, steamed milk, and milk foam, it’s a creamy, smooth drink, and a great way to start the day. Cortado . Cortados, which originated in Spain, consist of roughly equal amounts of espresso and steamed milk. A cortado tastes more strongly of ...Dec 22, 2022 · Mr. Coffee One-Touch CoffeeHouse. $300 at Amazon. $300 at Target. This Mr. Coffee machine sits at a comfortable intersection where ease of use, automation, and affordability. It can extract a ... Add the frothed milk or dairy alternative. The rich and creamy milk foam makes this cappuccino truly special. The more froth, the better – try and get a 50% milk, 50% froth balance to up your cappuccino game. Next Step. STEP 5.A cappuccino is an espresso-based hot coffee beverage, served in a 5 fl. oz. (150 ml) to 7 fl. oz. (200 ml) cup. It’s made of a shot of espresso and steamed and frothed milk. A classic cappuccino generally contains equal amounts of milk foam and steamed milk.Advertisement Crack, like most other recreational drugs besides alcohol, is illegal. The Harrison Narcotics Tax Act of 1914 banned the non-medical use of opium and other drugs like... A cappuccino is typically served in a larger cup, with a typical size ranging from around 6 ounces (180 milliliters) to 8 ounces (240 milliliters). The larger size allows for the three distinct layers of espresso, steamed milk, and milk foam to be visually appealing and provides ample space to enjoy the beverage’s creamy texture. In comparison to the latte and cappuccino, the mocha falls somewhere in between in terms of texture. Lattes have a creamier, milkier mouthfeel due to the higher milk-to-espresso ratio, while cappuccinos have a more balanced blend of milk foam, steamed milk, and espresso as they maintain a 1:1:1 ratio.Cappuccino is one of the best drinks to start with when it comes to dabbling in espresso-based beverages. The earliest version was called kapuziner, a drink of coffee with whipped cream and spices ... Gently pour your frothed milk into your mug until it’s almost full. The rich, creamy milk foam is what makes the cappuccino truly special. The more froth, the better–the key is to try and get a 50% milk, 50% froth balance in your final cup. STEP 04. From frappes and cappuccinos with sweet caramel or vanilla to thirst-quenching iced coffee, there's a little something for everyone. And, if you're looking to level-up your at-home barista skills ...A cappuccino is a popular coffee drink made from espresso, steamed milk, and milk foam. Traditional baristas follow a 1:1:1 ratio of equal parts espresso, steamed milk, and milk foam when making cappuccinos, and may sometimes garnish the beverage with cinnamon powder or cocoa powder. Cappuccinos have seen very few changes over the years.527K views 3 years ago. We enlisted Michael Phillips, Director of Training at Blue Bottle Coffee and 2010 World Barista Champion to show us how to master the …Nov 24, 2023 · An iced cappuccino has more chocolate flavor because it has a higher ratio of espresso to milk, making it stronger and having some wonderful flavor notes. An iced latte is made with more milk and has a more subtle flavor. The iced cappuccino is more espresso-based, while a latte is more milk-based. French Vanilla - Instant Cappuccino Mix - 52 oz Resealable Pouch. From $19.99. 52 oz Resealable Pouch52 oz Resealable Pouch - Case of 6. ADD TO CART. 5.0 / 5.0. 1 review. Hills Bros.® is Proudly Owned by. Massimo Zanetti Beverage USA. We plant, harvest, mill, roast, package, and distribute coffee to coffee lovers around the world – from seed ...Apr 26, 2023 · Cappuccinos and lattes both have one shot of espresso; this is typically around 68 mg of caffeine, which is how much these two drinks contain. For a macchiato, all you need to do is double this amount for a double shot of espresso. This leaves a macchiato with 136 mg of caffeine. Directions. Place milk in a 1-cup microwave-safe measuring cup. Microwave, uncovered, on high for 1 minute or until milk is hot and small bubbles form around edge of cup. Place a …French Vanilla - Instant Cappuccino Mix - 52 oz Resealable Pouch. From $19.99. 52 oz Resealable Pouch52 oz Resealable Pouch - Case of 6. ADD TO CART. 5.0 / 5.0. 1 review. Hills Bros.® is Proudly Owned by. Massimo Zanetti Beverage USA. We plant, harvest, mill, roast, package, and distribute coffee to coffee lovers around the world – from seed ...Apr 26, 2023 · Cappuccinos and lattes both have one shot of espresso; this is typically around 68 mg of caffeine, which is how much these two drinks contain. For a macchiato, all you need to do is double this amount for a double shot of espresso. This leaves a macchiato with 136 mg of caffeine. 1cm layer of microfoam. Since the coffee uses more milk than other coffee drinks, it tends to be a sweeter and creamier beverage vs cappuccino. What defines the latte is the thin layer of micro-foam at the top of the coffee. The crisp and milky foam gives it a unique texture that works well with the creaminess of the espresso.The ingredients are the same as that of a McCafé® Latte but the main difference between a latte and a cappuccino is that a cappuccino is distinctly layered and has a slightly stronger flavor than the latte. Available in small, medium and large sizes. There are 120 calories in a small McDonald's Cappuccino with whole milk.Cappuccino is one of the most popular coffee beverages worldwide. It is espresso, topped with steamed milk and milk foam. Generally, a cappuccino contains equal portions of each ingredient, comprising about 1/3 espresso, 1/3 steamed milk, and 1/3 foamed milk, giving it a rich taste and a creamy, smooth texture.A cappuccino is the specific blend between a shot of espresso and s teamed/frothed milk. Usually you'll find cappuccinos served in 5 or 6 oz/150-180 ml cups, and they respect a very specific ratio of espresso to milk. That ratio is 1:5 espresso to milk, so there's still plenty of espresso flavor shining through the milk.Learn how to make a classic cappuccino with espresso, milk and optional toppings. Follow the easy steps and use Starbucks® Single-Origin Colombia coffee for the best flavour.Newark's new, 33-gate Terminal A is a massive improvement compared to the antiquated facility that it replaces. Four airlines are already callling it home. Hours-long delays, a pow...A cappuccino is a popular coffee beverage that originated in Italy. It is made by combining a shot of espresso with steamed milk and a layer of foamed milk on top. The espresso shot is the base of the cappuccino and provides a robust flavour, while the steamed milk balances the bitterness with a sweet and creamy …Our Latte Macchiato and classic Latte (also called a Caffè Latte) have the same two ingredients: milk and espresso. But the craft of our baristas is what makes each drink unique. Latte Macchiato is our most espresso forward latte, while Latte has a more balanced, delicate flavor. Explore the differences.527K views 3 years ago. We enlisted Michael Phillips, Director of Training at Blue Bottle Coffee and 2010 World Barista Champion to show us how to master the …Mar 7, 2024 · Mr. Coffee One-Touch Coffeehouse Espresso and Cappuccino Machine. $249 at Amazon. $249 at Amazon. Read more. 6. Easiest to Use Latte Machine Philips 3200 Series Fully Automatic Espresso Machine. When expertly poured so that a circle of white is perfectly encircled by the darker coffee, the design on a "traditional" cappuccino is called a monk's head. ( Some reputable sources insist the name strikes further back in the annals of pre-espresso history, however, and originates instead from a popular 19th-century Viennese coffee-and-frothed ...1. Create a cappuccino using equal parts espresso, steamed milk, and foam. A cappuccino is made with a base of espresso that consists of roughly one-third of the drink. After pouring in espresso, steamed milk is added into the coffee, creating a foamy top coat. Cappuccinos have a velvety consistency.White privilege is hard to see and easy to deny—but researchers hope to change that. Most people want to believe that their place in the world is something they earned, either thro...Indulgio Cappuccino 12-Count Single Serve Cup for Keurig K-Cup Brewers, Holiday Variety Pack, 12 Sweet & Salty Caramel, 12 White Chocolate Caramel, & 12 Pumpkin Spice. 4.7 out of 5 stars 207 10 offers from $26.06Lattes will have a layer of foam, similar to the cappuccino. Still, their foam layer is very thin and acts more as an accent than a flavor or feeling treat. The recipe for a latte is as follows: Single or double shot of espresso. 6-10 oz of steamed milk. A thin layer of foam (approx. 1/2 in. thick).The name cappuccino is a play on the "hue of the Capuchin friar robes," according to Nescafé – the clothing is said to be reminiscent of the layering and coloring of a traditional cappuccino, seen in the disparity between the dark richness of the espresso and the airy lightness of the milk and foam. Serious Eats … ---1