Air bubble in side wall of Tire. Jump to Latest Follow 14K views 7 replies 7 participants last post by eu4ik May 30, 2008. corpuszero Discussion starter 1343 posts · Joined 2006 Add to quote; Only show this user #1 · May 25, 2008 (Edited) I noticed a air bubble on the sidewall of my drivers side sidewall on the …Yes, balancing beads are designed to function effectively at any speed, including highway speeds. In fact, higher speeds can even help to distribute the beads more evenly throughout the tire, resulting in even better balance. Omar Mathis. With 15+ years of experience in the automotive field, Omar leads Tire …A tire with a bulge or bubble cannot be repaired. A bulge or bubble on the sidewall of a tire generally indicates damaged cords caused by a severe impact. Damaged cords are often accompanied by a visible break in the inner liner. If cords have been damaged, air has infiltrated into the plies and can result in a bulge.Changing 1 or 2 depends on the remaining life of the non damaged tire. The general rule is to avoid a big difference in remaining tread between two front or two back tires. If your non damaged tire has been changed in less that 1000miles, I would only change the damaged tire, and get the same tire model.More commonly, a bulge in the sidewall of your tire is related to an impact with a pothole or other road hazard. A hard impact can cause “pinch shock”. This is when the sidewall of the tire is severely compressed between the object and rim of your wheel. The the inner cords of the fabric ply are squeezed together and can break.Lubricate the bead. Go around bead of the tire (the inner ring that seals to the rim) and lubricate it with dish soap. 2. Slide the tire back over the rim. Use the tire spoons to pry one side of the tire open and slide it back onto the rim. Once you have the first side on, repeat the same procedure for the second side.Bubble Gum Day is a delightful celebration that takes place on the first Friday of February each year. This whimsical holiday is dedicated to the joy and fun of chewing bubble gum....After the tire is placed on the balancer; the bubble will move relative to the light/heavy spot of the tire. Once weights are placed on the light side, the bubble should come back to dead center; indicating a perfect static balance. If using stick weights, weights should be placed dead center of the rim, or if using clip style …You can easily see the "Bubble" on the sidewall under the molded word"OUTSIDE". What tipped me off to the damage being an impact and not a sidewall bubble or blister was the shape (more radial in nature than round) and the gradual nature of the rise of the shape. Sidewall blisters are normally more …Understanding Replacement Costs. Fixing a bubble essentially translates to replacing the tire. The cost of a new tire varies based on its make, model, and quality. On average, standard vehicle tires can cost anywhere …Jun 25, 2020 ... Hitting the edges of potholes, small collisions, hitting a curb and speed bumps can all cause the sidewall to bulge in your tires. Your tires ... Generally if you curb the tire or it hits something in the road like the edge of a pothole. It hits it and causes a small puncture on the Inside liner of the tire and overtime it leaks and causes a bubble such as the one seen. Sidewall damage from an impact. Imo cheap cheap tires are more prone to stuff like this. Mar 20, 2006 ... Probably. The bubble in the sidewall indicates an "impact break," meaning the cords were likely damaged by a sharp impact. An impact sharp ...Here are the basic steps to balance an ATV tire the traditional way: Clean Tire Of Debris And Existing Wheel WeightsPlace Balancer On Flat Level SurfaceMount Tire On Tire BalancerInspect Bubble On Balancer LevelAdd Wheel Weights To Level Bubble. Using this method will give you as close to a professional tire balance as …Jun 16, 2017 ... You can definitively feel car being kinda "off balance" given different compound (same size) winter tire, but it's not unsafe temporarily, as .....May 13, 2014 ... Traction ... This is not a defect. Run flats just takes a bigger hole to hit and ruin it. When you hit a hole the tire gets cut on the inner liner ...At the weak point, air passes through the layers to the outer layer and forms an air bubble in the sidewall or tread. Bubbles may be the result of manufacturing defects, road hazards or under-inflated tires. San Diego roads are heavily trafficked and can have potholes and road debris. Always try to avoid them and keep tires inflated properly.Jun 9, 2019 · Jan 9, 2018. 526. 247. Auckland New Zealand. Oct 19, 2019. #4. JerkSpeedy said: I just noticed a tangerine sized bubble on the side of my rear tire. My 2018 Model S has less than 20k of mileage but I have a Tesla service appointment for next Tuesday. AIR BUBBLE IN TIRE: DO I NEED TO TAKE ACTION? The short answer is: yes! A small bulge in the tire sidewall can look harmless, but it could have serious …6 - Tyre sidewall puncture. When the tyre tread (the part that is in contact with the ground surface) is punctured (for example by a nail), a repair is possible. The hole is filled in and once the tyre is reassembled, it can be driven again with the same performance. However, it is different for the tyre sidewall.Yes, balancing beads are designed to function effectively at any speed, including highway speeds. In fact, higher speeds can even help to distribute the beads more evenly throughout the tire, resulting in even better balance. Omar Mathis. With 15+ years of experience in the automotive field, Omar leads Tire …Apr 26, 2018 · Here is what I found. Picture #1 (right) is of the inflated LF tire on the car. You can easily see the “bubble” on the sidewall under the molded word”OUTSIDE”. What tipped me off to the damage being an impact and not a sidewall bubble or blister was the shape (more radial in nature than round) and the gradual nature of the rise of the ... A sidewall bulge is a bubble, or protrusion, in the sidewall of a tire. If we spot a bulge on a new tire, it typically indicates that the tire has a manufacturer defect. Bulges …Jun 16, 2017 ... You can definitively feel car being kinda "off balance" given different compound (same size) winter tire, but it's not unsafe temporarily, as .....Tires are made up of a few internal layers of material for structural integrity. A large impact like hitting a pothole can cause damage to those internal layers. Once those inner layers are breached and the sidewall of the tire is exposed internally, the air pressure will cause the sidewall rubber to start forming a bubble.Ensure proper tire seating: When installing a new tire or inner tube, make sure the tire is seated correctly on the rim, and the inner tube is smoothly and uniformly arranged inside the tire before inflation. Bottom Line. Bike tire bulging can happen at the valve, sidewall or inner tube under tire bead. In either case, riding …The bubbles are usually caused by impact damage. When the tire is squeezed between the wheel and the road or a curb, the weak point might inflate. Driving on poor roads or other external factors that cause impact damage might potentially result in air leakage. These are some of the main causes of bubbles in tires:Tire bubbles are most commonly caused by driving on underinflated tires. This causes the sides of the tire to flex too much, which can lead to the formation of bubbles. Another common cause of tire bubbles is hitting a pothole or other object in the road. This can cause the tire to lose air pressure and can also …3. Uniformity Warranty. A bit more on the technical side, but it’s all about a smooth ride. What It Means: This warranty covers irregularities in a tire that could cause it to become unbalanced, like if it’s not perfectly round. Duration: Typically short-lived, often only 30 days to a year from the purchase date.I have 4 tires with lots of wear,,,,however I DEVELOPED a bubble on side wall....and that tire is no longer available. My question relates to the ... Close. The Best in Auto Repair. Find a Shop. Questions / Nissan / Maxima / 1996 / Bubble on Tire; Bubble on Tire. 1996 Nissan Maxima ...Did you notice a bump on your car tires? Not sure what it is? Or never even cared to look at your tires? Well you need to check out your tires and check for ...March 1, 2021. Cooper Discoverer AT3. Consumer Reports. Cooper Tire & Rubber Company is recalling 430,000 tires from its Cooper, Hercules, Mastercraft, and Mickey Thompson brands because of ...Normally a bulge on the sidewall indicates some type of damage to the tire caused by driving over a pothole, hitting a curb or maybe a rail over train track crossing. I can clearly see several marrs and scuffing damage on the edge of your rim. When bulging occurs on a sidewall it is likely an indication that the structural integrity of the tire ...This can also happen if you never rotate your tires, or if you drive with the tire significantly underinflated, and even moreso if it is a mixture of both. While you make a turn, the angle of the wheel changes slightly so the tire rides on the outer tread way more often then the rear tires. If the outside tread of the opposite tire is …Step 7. Place the tire patch on over the vulcanized liquid. Make sure the patch is completely flat, and let the patch sit for at least 5 minutes. Then put the tire back on your car. Flat tires aren't just a car problem that will keep you on the side of the road. Moreover, under-inflated tires caused by a slash can cause a serious accident.Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS) Repair & Service. If you notice a bubble in your tire, we can help. Our expert mechanics can help you choose the right tire type for your price point, driving habits, and most common driving conditions. Call us at (413)314-2280 or schedule an appointment online.A bulge or bubble on a tire’s sidewall is usually caused by an impact, most commonly from hitting the curb or a large pothole. It can also happen from driving for long periods on a flat tire or at least semi-inflated, which …K-Number. Each Kenda tire will have a number molded into the sidewall of the tire a "K" number. The first set of numbers indicate which tread pattern is featured on the tire. The Second set of numbers indicates which mold was used to produce the tire. After a number of tires are produced these molds can wear out or have revisions …479 posts · Joined 2018. #1 · Jan 25, 2019. Hi Friends, I hit a pothole on the 5 freeway which resulted in a bubble in the sidewall. America's tire was able to find me a replacement Tesla OEM tire with the foam inside. I thought some of you might be interested in some pictures of the fire foam. Definitely interesting to see …2. Bulges, Bubbles and Bumps. A bulge, bubble or bump on a tire’s sidewall — even if it’s small — is a more serious cause for concern. This type of tire damage usually results from a sharp impact with a pothole or a curb, which damages its inner liner. As such, air escapes from the liner and begins to push up against the outer rubber of ...Oct 23, 2020 ... A sidewall bubble is a bulge (lump) popping from the sidewall of the tire. It could be caused by air leaking from the inside of the tire ...Tire casings are reinforced by multiple fabric cords encased side-by-side in a thin sheet of rubber. Radial ply tires feature one or more layers of cord (depending on the tire's required strength) that run parallel to each other from bead to bead (with each individual cord running up the sidewall, across the tread and down the other … The tire manufacturer will cover the bubble if it isn't from a "road hazard" (i.e. Pothole). They do this by pulling the tire off and looking for a puncture on the inner side of the tire wall. You can take it to any Continental tire shop and they can tell you if it is a warranty issue. If you didn't purchase the MB Wheel and Tire Protection it ... AIR BUBBLE IN TIRE: DO I NEED TO TAKE ACTION? The short answer is: yes! A small bulge in the tire sidewall can look harmless, but it could have serious …Posted on October 23, 2023 by Smooth Curb Team. “When the inner layer of the tire gets damaged, air can seep between the tire’s layers, causing a bubble or bulge to form.”. Above is the basic definition of how tire bulges or bubbles came to be, and as vehicle owners, this seemingly small anomaly could signify a larger problem, …You can find information about the recommended air pressure for your tires on a label inside the driver-side door jamb. The vehicle owner’s manual, ... Any problems can be seen with just a glance around your car.u003cbru003eu003cbru003eA bulge or bubble on a tire’s sidewall typically …At the weak point, air passes through the layers to the outer layer and forms an air bubble in the sidewall or tread. Bubbles may be the result of manufacturing defects, road hazards or under-inflated tires. San Diego roads are heavily trafficked and can have potholes and road debris. Always try to avoid them and keep tires inflated properly.Using tires on unsuitable terrains, overloading the vehicle, underinflation, or overinflation can all lead to premature tire damage. If the damage can be attributed to negligence or misuse, the … The tire is at increased risk of blowout; in particular, it’ll most likely blow out if you accidentally curb it. The tire has been irreparably damaged, and should be replaced at your earliest convenience. If you’ve replaced the tires since you got the car, you most likely have a road hazard warranty from whoever sold them to you. Oct 15, 2018 · This can lead to bubbles if air gets between the layers, so it helps if you catch it early. You should also check for dry rot. This usually happens when the tire gets too dry or is in the sun too long, and it can degrade the tire’s integrity, leading to bubbles or blowouts. When it comes to traditional British cuisine, there are a few dishes that stand out as classics. Fish and chips, bangers and mash, and shepherd’s pie are all well-known examples. B...Posted on October 23, 2023 by Smooth Curb Team. “When the inner layer of the tire gets damaged, air can seep between the tire’s layers, causing a bubble or bulge to form.”. Above is the basic definition of how tire bulges or bubbles came to be, and as vehicle owners, this seemingly small anomaly could signify a larger problem, …A tire with a bulge or bubble cannot be repaired. A bulge or bubble on the sidewall of a tire generally indicates damaged cords caused by a severe impact. Damaged cords are often accompanied by a visible break in the inner liner. If cords have been damaged, air has infiltrated into the plies and can result in a bulge.. These tire sidewall bubbles are anomalies that show up as raised areas or blisters on the outer surface of your tire’s side. These bulges can come …How do you get a tire bulge and is it safe to drive on.... I bought new tires on AMAZON for $29.00 a piece shipped to my door. Check out your tires: https://...You can find information about the recommended air pressure for your tires on a label inside the driver-side door jamb. The vehicle owner’s manual, ... Any problems can be seen with just a glance around your car.u003cbru003eu003cbru003eA bulge or bubble on a tire’s sidewall typically …Yes, balancing beads are designed to function effectively at any speed, including highway speeds. In fact, higher speeds can even help to distribute the beads more evenly throughout the tire, resulting in even better balance. Omar Mathis. With 15+ years of experience in the automotive field, Omar leads Tire …Browse by Vehicle Manufacturer. Browse All Tires. Shop Based on Your Driving Needs. Browse by Tire Size. Browse by Vehicle Manufacturer. Electric Vehicles. …Let’s start with the obvious, your tires. Tires are tough, sure, but they aren’t invincible. Sidewall damage is a common result of curb contact. If you hit a curb, you might end up with a bubble in the sidewall of your tire or a nasty gash on the side. That’s not just a cosmetic problem—it’s a safety issue. Broken Belts and …Bumping into curbs. Another common cause of tire bubbles is a constant collision with curbs. Regularly bumping into curbs can weaken the tire and cause some damage to the inner layers of the tire. The resistance from curbs can force the rubber to cave in, allowing air to form a bulge on the tire’s sidewall.All bubbles pop — that's a fact of life. But what's the science behind the short life and inevitable pop of a bubble? Advertisement For generations, bubbles have sparked the curios...In 'What's Ahead on Wall Street' for Thursday Feb. 11, get ready for earnings from PepsiCo and WhiteWave....PEP In 'What's Ahead on Wall Street' for Thursday February 1...The Cause Behind These Tire Bubbles. Several layers make up a tire, and there is air inside these layers. Now what happens is that when this air starts to leak, it goes straight up into the outer areas. Hence, bulges appear on the sidewall. Now, these bulges are already quite dangerous for you and on top of everything, if due to pressure, these ...How do you get a tire bulge and is it safe to drive on.... I bought new tires on AMAZON for $29.00 a piece shipped to my door. Check out your tires: https://...Here is what I found. Picture #1 (right) is of the inflated LF tire on the car. You can easily see the “bubble” on the sidewall under the molded word”OUTSIDE”. What tipped me off to the damage being an impact and not a sidewall bubble or blister was the shape (more radial in nature than round) and the gradual nature of the rise of the ...Dec 14, 2002 · Location. New Jersey. May 13, 2014. #1. I thought the sidewalks were fairly different, and given the higher strength, I was pretty surprised to see a bubble. These are runflats on a 2011 BMW 135i that just crossed 10k miles. Dunlop SP Sport 01 in 215/40R-18, y rated. Or pressure is 39 front, 41 rear. Just one big lump. Ensure proper tire seating: When installing a new tire or inner tube, make sure the tire is seated correctly on the rim, and the inner tube is smoothly and uniformly arranged inside the tire before inflation. Bottom Line. Bike tire bulging can happen at the valve, sidewall or inner tube under tire bead. In either case, riding …Tire Warranties. Discover the confidence that comes with more than 115 years of innovation.From the assembly line to the road, we're focused on providing the best products for a confident drive. That's why Goodyear, Dunlop, and Kelly back their tires with warranties that help provide peace of mind.Jul 30, 2020 ... When driving if you ever have a small collision, hit the edge of a pothole, hit a curb, or go over speed bumps too quickly you can easily cause ...If you hit a pothole at high speeds ,even a 10 km old tire can have sidewall damage.Low tire pressure could also be the culprit. (1) Thanks 12th July 2010, 09:57 #4: sgiitk. BANNED . Join Date: Dec 2007. Location: Gurugram. Posts: 7,969 Thanked: 4,786 Times Infractions: 0/1 (4) Take up the matter with BMW, …Bubbles are caused by air leaking out of the tire’s inner layers toward its outer layers. The bubbles are essentially weak spots of the sidewall where air can stretch the rubber. …A tire with a bulge or bubble cannot be repaired. A bulge or bubble on the sidewall of a tire generally indicates damaged cords caused by a severe impact. Damaged cords are often accompanied by a visible break in the inner liner. If cords have been damaged, air has infiltrated into the plies and can result in a bulge.Yeah, I got it replaced, along with the tire on the other side. I asked the tire guy about warranty replacement and he said the exact opposite, that if the tire has been good for awhile and suddenly bubbles then it's likely a pothole or damage, while if a tire came from the factory bubbled or bubbled soon after it'd likely be a manufacturing defect.Check the date code on those tires. They seem fairly new. If you recently had them replaced, and the shop put old tires on your car, go and rip them a new one. Date code is cryptic. There are some sleazy shops that will install old tires, and you get delamination and stuff like this. They count on you not knowing how to read the …1. Sidewall Bubble. It’s more common to see a bubble appear in the tire’s sidewall than the tread. These bubbles are often caused by driving on the tire when it is flat. If the tire is …Ensure proper tire seating: When installing a new tire or inner tube, make sure the tire is seated correctly on the rim, and the inner tube is smoothly and uniformly arranged inside the tire before inflation. Bottom Line. Bike tire bulging can happen at the valve, sidewall or inner tube under tire bead. In either case, riding …Jan 31, 2023 · No, it is not safe to drive with a bubble in a run flat tire. If the bubble is small, you may be able to get away with driving on it for a short period of time. However, if the bubble is large or if there are multiple bubbles, the tire will not be able to support the weight of the vehicle and will eventually fail. This can lead to a serious ... Tire bubbles can be a major issue for drivers, leading to unexpected blowouts and compromised safety on the road. These troublesome bubbles often appear as bulges on the sidewalls or treads of your tires, resulting from the separation of layers within the tire itself. It is crucial to understand the causes, signs, and potential …A sidewall bubble, like we’ve talked about, is a bump or bulge on the side of your tire. It usually happens when the inner layers of the tire get damaged, and air gets trapped between them. This kind of problem can be caused by hitting a curb, driving over a pothole, or having a tire with a manufacturing defect.Replace the tire. Your tube isn't the issue. A new tire should run anywhere from $10-$30. If you ride on it as is, you risk a sudden decompression blowout- a loud 'BANG' and suddenly you're riding on your rim, and that's a much more expensive replacement. (Plus replacing the tire AND the tube on top of that.)It’s essential to address any bubbles on the side wall of your tire as they can indicate a potential problem. The bubble is likely caused by the separation of the layers within the tire, allowing air to accumulate and form a bulge. This can occur due to various reasons such as impact damage, manufacturing defect, or prolonged …May 13, 2014 ... Traction ... This is not a defect. Run flats just takes a bigger hole to hit and ruin it. When you hit a hole the tire gets cut on the inner liner ...When it comes to traditional British cuisine, there are a few dishes that stand out as classics. Fish and chips, bangers and mash, and shepherd’s pie are all well-known examples. B...The main reason for occurring sidewall bubbles in tire is hitting potholes, stones, or sharp objects. The main reason for occurring sidewall bubbles in tire is hitting potholes, stones, or sharp objects. ... Underinflation can put extra pressure on both sides of the tire that may damage the inner layer and form a …Jun 15, 2020 · What are Bubbles in a Tyre? Bubbles in a tyre’s sidewall refer to the bulges that appear when a radial’s inner liner is damaged from an impact. That impact can cause a tear or small holes and affect the strength of its sidewalk plies. In simple words, a bubble is caused by air leaking from the inside of the tyre into the body of the tyre. Bubble Gum Day is a fun and delicious celebration that takes place on the first Friday of February each year. This unique holiday is dedicated to the joy and nostalgia of chewing g...Possible tire bubble from pothole. Ask Question Asked 4 years, 10 months ago. Modified 4 years, 10 months ago. Viewed 349 times 0 What are the common signs to know if you have a tire bubble including sidewall I checked and don't see one yet but then again it’s late and I can’t see. I hit a really monstrous …Bubble games have been a popular pastime for people of all ages for decades. From classic arcade machines to modern mobile apps, these games continue to captivate players with thei...6 - Tyre sidewall puncture. When the tyre tread (the part that is in contact with the ground surface) is punctured (for example by a nail), a repair is possible. The hole is filled in and once the tyre is reassembled, it can be driven again with the same performance. However, it is different for the tyre sidewall.10 minutes. tire’s sidewall. Small Bulge In Tire Sidewall. Tire Sidewall Bulge Example. Table of Contents. Causes Of Tire Bulges. Driving With A Tire …The belt and the tread will begin to separate. The diver will then drive over a sharp edge on the road, or even a pothole. There will then be a puncture in the tire and the tire will go flat fast, or may even explode. The tire may also deflate, causing sidewall tire damage.Tire casings are reinforced by multiple fabric cords encased side-by-side in a thin sheet of rubber. Radial ply tires feature one or more layers of cord (depending on the tire's required strength) that run parallel to each other from bead to bead (with each individual cord running up the sidewall, across the tread and down the other …Jun 5, 2011 ... About 10k miles ago, I hit a nasty pot hole and my RFT grew a golf ball sized bubble in the sidewall. I considered changing it, ...Mar 20, 2006 ... Probably. The bubble in the sidewall indicates an "impact break," meaning the cords were likely damaged by a sharp impact. An impact sharp ...Check the date code on those tires. They seem fairly new. If you recently had them replaced, and the shop put old tires on your car, go and rip them a new one. Date code is cryptic. There are some sleazy shops that will install old tires, and you get delamination and stuff like this. They count on you not knowing how to read the …Two of the best major brands of bubble gum for blowing the biggest bubbles are Double Bubble and Bazooka. Surprisingly, these less popular brands of bubble gum blow the biggest bub...Just to be clear, I mean the side of the tire that's facing in toward the underside of the car, not the actual interior of the tire itself. I can't seem to find anything on the internet relating to sidewall bubbles on that side and if there's a way to check for them/how common they occur, but the one comment I did find said that sidewall …When placing a solar cover on the surface of a swimming pool, the bubbles side should go down. The bubbles are what cause the cover to float, so the solar cover can be cut to confo...For Car Tire Recall please click here. PIRELLI - United States. Follow us. TIRES CATALOGUE. ALL TIRES Search by season All-season tires All-weather tires Summer tires Winter tires Search by family Search by vehicle type Search by brand Search by size. TECH & KNOWLEDGE.Mar 6, 2023 · A tire sidewall damage is exactly what it sounds like; damage to the tire’s sidewall, meaning the damage is on the side of the tire and not the tire tread. Damage to the tire’s sidewall is not repairable in most cases. You can often spot tire sidewall damage by seeing a deep scratch or a bubble on the tire’s sidewall. Feb 2, 2023 · A bulge or bubble on a tire’s sidewall is usually caused by an impact, most commonly from hitting the curb or a large pothole. It can also happen from driving for long periods on a flat tire or at least semi-inflated, which causes unnecessary extra pressure on the sidewall. 7 minutes. Will Creech. |. July 21, 2023. Time To Read: 7 minutes. can it just be fixed? How To Fix Bubble In Tire. Serious Sidewall Bulge. Table of …Tire bubbles are most commonly found on the sidewall of your tires. The rubber in this area is quite thin compared to the tread, so it's a natural place …Are you tired of the same old bath routine? Do you long for a luxurious and indulgent experience that leaves you feeling pampered and refreshed? Look no further than Bubbly Belle, ...The bubbles are usually caused by impact damage. When the tire is squeezed between the wheel and the road or a curb, the weak point might inflate. Driving on poor roads or other external factors that cause impact damage might potentially result in air leakage. These are some of the main causes of bubbles in tires:Jul 30, 2020 ... When driving if you ever have a small collision, hit the edge of a pothole, hit a curb, or go over speed bumps too quickly you can easily cause ...Bubble games have been a popular pastime for people of all ages for decades. From classic arcade machines to modern mobile apps, these games continue to captivate players with thei...That’s not what I would call good advice. I was driving on bald tires a month ago and had a blow out on the highway. I’m very grateful it wasn’t a front tire cause if it had been I may not be here right now to tell you all about it. Also just to say one more time, the layers of he tire have separated and that tire is no longer safe.Just to be clear, I mean the side of the tire that's facing in toward the underside of the car, not the actual interior of the tire itself. I can't seem to find anything on the internet relating to sidewall bubbles on that side and if there's a way to check for them/how common they occur, but the one comment I did find said that sidewall … ---1